Chapter 018 : The Two Uses of Adjectives

🔹 Apa Itu Adjective?

Adjective adalah kata yang digunakan untuk menjelaskan atau memberikan informasi tentang kata benda (noun) atau kata ganti (pronoun), seperti: ukuran, warna, jumlah, bentuk, pendapat, dll.

Contoh adjective: big, small, beautiful, red, three, honest, tired

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🔹 Dua Fungsi atau Penggunaan Adjective

✅ 1. Attributive Use (Penggunaan Atributif)

• Adjective diletakkan sebelum noun (kata benda) yang dijelaskannya.

• Digunakan dalam frasa kata benda (noun phrase).

Struktur:

Adjective + Noun

Contoh Kalimat:

• She has a beautiful voice.

• They live in a big house.

• I saw a red car.

• He is an honest man.

📝 Catatan: Dalam penggunaan ini, adjective menempel langsung pada noun.

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✅ 2. Predicative Use (Penggunaan Predikatif)

• Adjective muncul setelah verb penghubung (linking verb), seperti: be, seem, look, feel, become, appear, dll.

• Digunakan untuk memberi informasi tentang subjek kalimat.

Struktur:

Subject + Linking Verb + Adjective

Contoh Kalimat:

• She is tired.

• The food smells delicious.

• He looks happy.

• They became angry.

📝 Catatan: Dalam penggunaan ini, adjective berfungsi sebagai pelengkap (complement) dari subjek.

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🔹 Ringkasan Perbedaan

Jenis Penggunaan	Posisi Adjective	Contoh
Attributive	Sebelum noun	It was a hot day.
Predicative	Setelah linking verb	The day was hot.

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🔹 Contoh Adjective dalam Kedua Penggunaan

Adjective	Attributive Use	Predicative Use
happy	She is a happy child.	The child is happy.
tall	He met a tall man.	The man is tall.
difficult	That was a difficult test.	The test was difficult.
honest	I trust an honest person.	He is honest.

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🔹 Penting untuk Diingat

• Tidak semua adjective bisa digunakan dalam kedua posisi. Beberapa adjective hanya attributive atau hanya predicative.

Contoh:

• The main reason ✅ (attributive only)

• She is main ❌ (salah)

• They are afraid ✅ (predicative only)

• An afraid man ❌ (salah)

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Chapter 017 : Few, A Few, Little, dan A Little

🔹 Apa Itu Few, A Few, Little, dan A Little?

Semua kata ini digunakan untuk menyatakan jumlah kecil, tapi penggunaannya tergantung pada:

• Jenis kata benda (bisa dihitung atau tidak)

• Makna atau nuansa kalimat (positif atau negatif)

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🔹 Tabel Perbandingan Singkat

Kata	Jenis Noun	Makna Umum	Nuansa Kalimat
Few	Countable (bisa dihitung)	Sedikit (hampir tidak ada)	Negatif
A few	Countable	Beberapa (cukup ada)	Positif
Little	Uncountable (tidak bisa dihitung)	Sedikit (hampir tidak ada)	Negatif
A little	Uncountable	Beberapa (cukup ada)	Positif

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🔹 Penjelasan dan Contoh Kalimat

✅ 1. Few (Sedikit – Countable, nuansa negatif)

Digunakan untuk kata benda yang bisa dihitung. Menunjukkan jumlah kecil yang tidak cukup.

Contoh:

• Few people came to the meeting. (Hanya sedikit orang yang datang — hampir tidak ada.)

• He has few friends. (Temannya sedikit sekali — kesepian.)

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✅ 2. A Few (Beberapa – Countable, nuansa positif)

Digunakan juga untuk kata benda yang bisa dihitung, tapi memberi kesan bahwa jumlahnya cukup atau lumayan.

Contoh:

• A few people came to the party. (Ada beberapa orang yang datang — cukup memuaskan.)

• I have a few books to lend you. (Ada beberapa buku — cukup membantu.)

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✅ 3. Little (Sedikit – Uncountable, nuansa negatif)

Digunakan untuk kata benda yang tidak bisa dihitung, seperti air, waktu, uang. Menunjukkan jumlah yang sangat sedikit atau hampir tidak ada.

Contoh:

• There is little water left. (Airnya hampir habis.)

• She has little time to study. (Waktunya hampir tidak ada.)

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✅ 4. A Little (Beberapa – Uncountable, nuansa positif)

Digunakan untuk uncountable nouns, tapi menunjukkan bahwa masih ada jumlah yang cukup berguna.

Contoh:

• I have a little money. (Masih ada uang walau tidak banyak.)

• We need a little more time. (Sedikit waktu tambahan cukup.)

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🔹 Ringkasan Sederhana

Kata	Bisa Dihitung?	Makna & Nuansa
Few	✅ Ya	Jumlah sangat kecil, tidak cukup (negatif)
A few	✅ Ya	Jumlah kecil tapi cukup (positif)
Little	❌ Tidak	Jumlah sangat sedikit, tidak cukup (negatif)
A little	❌ Tidak	Jumlah kecil tapi cukup (positif)

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Chapter 016 : Many, Much, and A Lot of

🔹 Apa Itu Many, Much, dan A Lot of?

Ketiganya digunakan untuk menyatakan jumlah yang banyak, namun penggunaannya tergantung pada jenis kata benda yang mengikutinya (countable atau uncountable).

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🔹 Perbedaan Utama

Kata	Digunakan untuk	Contoh Kata Benda	Contoh Kalimat
Many	Countable nouns (bisa dihitung)	apples, books, chairs, people	She has many books.
Much	Uncountable nouns (tidak bisa dihitung)	water, money, sugar, time	He doesn’t have much money.
A lot of	Countable dan uncountable nouns	apples, water, ideas, milk	We have a lot of time.

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🔹 Penjelasan Masing-Masing

✅ 1. Many

• Digunakan untuk countable nouns (kata benda yang bisa dihitung satu per satu).

• Umumnya digunakan dalam kalimat negatif dan pertanyaan, tapi juga bisa dalam kalimat positif (terutama tulisan formal).

Contoh Kalimat:

• Are there many students in the class?

• We don’t have many chairs.

• She has many friends.

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✅ 2. Much

• Digunakan untuk uncountable nouns (kata benda tak bisa dihitung secara satuan).

• Biasanya dipakai dalam kalimat negatif dan pertanyaan.

• Dalam kalimat positif, lebih umum menggunakan a lot of untuk kesan natural.

Contoh Kalimat:

• Is there much sugar left?

• I don’t have much time.

• (Formal) Much effort is needed to finish this task.

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✅ 3. A Lot of

• Bisa digunakan untuk countable dan uncountable nouns.

• Umum digunakan dalam kalimat positif, negatif, dan pertanyaan.

• Lebih fleksibel dan paling sering dipakai dalam percakapan sehari-hari.

Contoh Kalimat:

• We have a lot of homework today.

• She drinks a lot of water.

• Do you know a lot of people here?

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🔹 Ringkasan Perbandingan

Kalimat	Countable/Uncountable	Penjelasan
I don’t have much money.	Uncountable	“money” tidak bisa dihitung
She has many friends.	Countable	“friends” bisa dihitung
They have a lot of food.	Uncountable	“a lot of” bisa dipakai untuk uncountable
We saw a lot of animals.	Countable	“a lot of” bisa dipakai untuk countable

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🔹 Catatan Tambahan

Gunakan	Saat
Much / Many	Penulisan formal atau pertanyaan/negatif
A lot of	Lebih umum dan natural dalam percakapan sehari-hari

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Chapter 015 : Foreign Plural Nouns

🔹 Apa Itu Foreign Plural Nouns?

Foreign plural nouns adalah kata benda (noun) yang berasal dari bahasa asing (seperti Latin, Yunani, atau Italia) yang masih mempertahankan bentuk jamak asli dari bahasa asalnya, bukan mengikuti aturan jamak bahasa Inggris biasa (misalnya: menambah “-s” atau “-es”).

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🔹 Contoh Umum Foreign Plural Nouns

Bentuk Tunggal (Singular)	Bentuk Jamak (Plural)	Asal Bahasa	Contoh Kalimat
alumnus	alumni	Latin	He is an alumnus of Harvard. / They are alumni of MIT.
bacterium	bacteria	Latin	Bacteria are invisible to the naked eye.
criterion	criteria	Greek	What are the main criteria for selection?
phenomenon	phenomena	Greek	These phenomena are hard to explain.
cactus	cacti / cactuses	Latin	I saw many cacti in the desert.
focus	foci / focuses	Latin	The foci of the lens were adjusted.
index	indices / indexes	Latin	Indexes are found at the back of books.
appendix	appendices / appendixes	Latin	Some books have appendices for extra info.
analysis	analyses	Greek	The scientist did several analyses.
thesis	theses	Greek	Their theses were approved by the committee.
diagnosis	diagnoses	Greek	The doctor made several diagnoses.
medium	media / mediums	Latin	The news media influence public opinion.

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🔹 Bentuk Jamak Ganda

Beberapa kata punya dua bentuk jamak:

Kata	Bentuk Jamak Formal	Bentuk Jamak Umum (Modern)
cactus	cacti	cactuses
focus	foci	focuses
appendix	appendices	appendixes
index	indices (teknis)	indexes (umum)
medium	media (informasi)	mediums (spiritual)

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🔹 Ciri-Ciri dan Pola Umum

Akhiran Singular	Akhiran Plural	Contoh
-us	-i	alumnus → alumni, fungus → fungi
-um	-a	datum → data, bacterium → bacteria
-a	-ae	formula → formulae (lebih formal)
-is	-es	analysis → analyses, crisis → crises
-on	-a	phenomenon → phenomena, criterion → criteria

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🔹 Tips Menggunakan Foreign Plural Nouns

1. ✅ Gunakan bentuk plural yang sesuai konteks: formal/akademik lebih sering memakai bentuk asing.

2. ✅ Dalam percakapan sehari-hari, bentuk Inggris modern (misalnya cactuses daripada cacti) semakin diterima.

3. ❌ Jangan menambahkan “s” pada bentuk jamak asing.
   Contoh salah: criterias, phenomenons, alumnis

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Chapter 014 : Contractions

🔹 Apa Itu Contractions?

Contractions adalah bentuk singkat dari dua kata yang digabung menjadi satu dengan menghilangkan sebagian huruf dan menggantinya dengan tanda apostrof (’). Biasanya digunakan dalam bahasa sehari-hari, percakapan, dan tulisan informal agar lebih ringkas dan natural.

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🔹 Contoh Contractions yang Paling Umum

Bentuk Asli	Bentuk Contraction	Contoh Kalimat (Contraction)	Contoh Kalimat (Bentuk Penuh)
I am	I'm	I'm going to the store.	I am going to the store.
You are	You're	You're very kind.	You are very kind.
He is / He has	He's	He's my brother.	He is my brother. / He has arrived.
She is / She has	She's	She's happy today.	She is happy today. / She has left.
It is / It has	It's	It's raining.	It is raining. / It has been fun.
We are	We're	We're ready to go.	We are ready to go.
They are	They're	They're coming soon.	They are coming soon.
Do not	Don't	Don't forget your keys.	Do not forget your keys.
Does not	Doesn't	He doesn't like coffee.	He does not like coffee.
Did not	Didn't	She didn't see the movie.	She did not see the movie.
Will not	Won't	I won't be late.	I will not be late.
Would not	Wouldn't	They wouldn't agree.	They would not agree.
Cannot	Can't	I can't swim.	I cannot swim.

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🔹 Fungsi dan Kegunaan Contractions

• Membuat percakapan terdengar lebih natural dan santai.

• Menghemat waktu dan ruang dalam berbicara dan menulis.

• Sering dipakai dalam bahasa lisan, dialog, dan teks informal seperti email atau pesan.

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🔹 Kapan Tidak Menggunakan Contractions?

• Dalam tulisan formal, seperti surat resmi, makalah akademik, atau dokumen bisnis.

• Saat ingin menekankan kata tertentu (biasanya menggunakan bentuk penuh).

• Dalam situasi yang membutuhkan kesan serius atau sopan.

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🔹 Tips Menggunakan Contractions

• Biasakan mendengar dan membaca contractions dalam konteks sehari-hari untuk memahami penggunaannya.

• Jangan terlalu sering menggunakan contractions dalam tulisan formal.

• Perhatikan konteks dan audiens sebelum memakai contractions.

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Chapter 013 : Subjunctive

🔹 Apa Itu Subjunctive?

Subjunctive adalah bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk menyatakan:

• Keinginan (wish),

• Harapan (hope),

• Saran atau anjuran (suggestion, recommendation),

• Kemungkinan yang tidak nyata atau hipotetik,

• Situasi yang bertentangan dengan kenyataan.

Subjunctive lebih sering muncul dalam bahasa formal atau tulisan, dan kadang sulit dipahami karena bentuknya tidak selalu berubah seperti tense biasa.

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🔹 Kapan Subjunctive Digunakan?

1. Setelah kata kerja yang menyatakan harapan, saran, permintaan, atau keharusan
   Contoh kata kerja: suggest, recommend, demand, insist, ask, propose, etc.

   • Contoh:
     I suggest that he study harder.
     (Bukan "studies", tapi "study" bentuk subjunctive)

2. Setelah kata sifat yang menunjukkan pentingnya, perlu, atau mendesak
   Contoh kata sifat: important, necessary, essential, vital, urgent.

   • Contoh:
     It is essential that she be present.
     (Bukan "is", tapi "be")

3. Dalam kalimat yang menyatakan keinginan atau harapan (wish, if only)

   • Contoh:
     I wish I were taller.
     (Menggunakan "were" bukan "was", walau subjek orang pertama)

4. Dalam kalimat pengandaian yang tidak nyata (unreal condition)

   • Contoh:
     If I were you, I would apologize.

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🔹 Bentuk Subjunctive yang Umum

Fungsi	Contoh Kalimat	Penjelasan
After verbs of suggestion/requirement	They suggested that he go to the doctor.	Kata kerja berbentuk dasar (bare infinitive) tanpa "to"
After expressions with "it is" + adjective	It is important that she be on time.	Bentuk "be" digunakan tanpa perubahan untuk semua subjek
Expressing wishes/unreal situations	I wish I were rich. / If I were you...	"Were" dipakai untuk semua subjek, bukan "was"

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🔹 Contoh Kalimat Subjunctive

• Suggestion:
  The teacher insists that the students submit their homework on time.

• Necessity:
  It is vital that he be informed immediately.

• Wish:
  I wish I were on vacation now.

• Hypothetical condition:
  If she were here, she would help us.

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🔹 Perbedaan Subjunctive dan Indicative

Kalimat Indicative (Fakta)	Kalimat Subjunctive (Harapan, Saran, dll.)
She is very intelligent.	It is important that she be very intelligent.
He was late yesterday.	If he were late, we would be worried.

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Chapter 012 : Elliptical Construction

🔹 Apa Itu Elliptical Construction?

Elliptical Construction adalah kalimat atau frasa yang mengalami penghilangan sebagian kata atau unsur kalimat, namun maknanya tetap jelas dan dapat dipahami dari konteks.

Intinya, ada kata atau bagian kalimat yang dihilangkan (ellipsis) karena dianggap sudah tersirat atau tidak perlu diulang.

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🔹 Fungsi Elliptical Construction

• Membuat kalimat menjadi lebih singkat dan efisien tanpa kehilangan makna.

• Menghindari pengulangan kata yang tidak perlu.

• Membantu gaya bahasa yang lebih natural dan lancar, terutama dalam percakapan sehari-hari.

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🔹 Contoh Elliptical Construction

1. Penghilangan Kata Kerja (Verb)

• Complete sentence:
  — She can sing, and he can sing too.

• Elliptical sentence:
  — She can sing, and he can too.
  (Kata "sing" dihilangkan pada klausa kedua karena sudah tersirat.)

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2. Penghilangan Subjek dan Kata Kerja

• Complete sentence:
  — Are you going to the party? Yes, I am going to the party.

• Elliptical sentence:
  — Are you going to the party? Yes, I am.

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3. Penghilangan Bagian dari Kalimat Setelah Kata Penghubung

• Complete sentence:
  — She likes apples, but I do not like apples.

• Elliptical sentence:
  — She likes apples, but I do not.

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4. Penghilangan Objek atau Pelengkap yang Sama

• Complete sentence:
  — I bought a book and Mary bought a book too.

• Elliptical sentence:
  — I bought a book and Mary did too.

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🔹 Jenis-jenis Elliptical Construction

Jenis Ellipsis	Contoh	Penjelasan
Ellipsis of verb	She can swim, and he can too.	Kata kerja dihilangkan pada klausa kedua
Ellipsis of subject and verb	Are you coming? Yes, I am.	Subjek dan kata kerja dihilangkan
Ellipsis of object	I want the red one, and she wants the blue. → I want the red one, and she wants the blue one. (dihilangkan "one")	Objek yang sama dihilangkan
Ellipsis with “do” auxiliary	She doesn’t like it, and I don’t either.	Kata kerja utama dihilangkan, diganti “do”

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🔹 Kapan Elliptical Construction Digunakan?

• Dalam percakapan informal agar lebih singkat dan jelas.

• Dalam teks atau tulisan untuk menghindari pengulangan yang berlebihan.

• Saat konteks sudah sangat jelas sehingga bagian yang dihilangkan tidak membingungkan.

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🔹 Contoh Kalimat Lengkap dan Elliptical

Lengkap	Elliptical
I am going to the party, and you are going to the party too.	I am going to the party, and you are too.
She can dance well, and he can dance well too.	She can dance well, and he can too.
They will come, but we will not come.	They will come, but we will not.

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Chapter 011 : Active and Passive Voices

🔹 Apa Itu Active Voice dan Passive Voice?

• Active Voice (Kalimat Aktif): Subjek melakukan aksi atau kegiatan.
  Contoh: The cat chases the mouse. (Kucing mengejar tikus)

• Passive Voice (Kalimat Pasif): Subjek dikenai aksi, bukan melakukan aksi. Fokus pada objek yang menerima tindakan.
  Contoh: The mouse is chased by the cat. (Tikus dikejar oleh kucing)

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🔹 Struktur Kalimat

Voice	Struktur	Contoh
Active Voice	Subject + Verb + Object	She writes a letter.
Passive Voice	Subject + to be + past participle (+ by + agent)	A letter is written by her.

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🔹 Cara Membentuk Passive Voice

1. Tentukan kalimat aktif dengan subjek, kata kerja, dan objek.

2. Jadikan objek kalimat aktif sebagai subjek kalimat pasif.

3. Gunakan bentuk to be yang sesuai dengan tense + past participle kata kerja utama.

4. Tambahkan “by + pelaku aksi” jika ingin menyebutkan pelaku.

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🔹 Perubahan dari Active ke Passive (Berbagai Tenses)

Tense	Active Voice	Passive Voice
Present Simple	They clean the room.	The room is cleaned by them.
Past Simple	She wrote a book.	A book was written by her.
Present Continuous	He is painting the wall.	The wall is being painted by him.
Present Perfect	They have finished the work.	The work has been finished by them.
Future Simple	She will do the homework.	The homework will be done by her.

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🔹 Kapan Menggunakan Passive Voice?

• Saat fokus pada aksi atau objek, bukan pelaku.
  Contoh: The cake was eaten. (Tidak penting siapa yang makan)

• Saat pelaku tidak diketahui atau tidak ingin disebutkan.
  Contoh: The window was broken last night.

• Dalam bahasa formal, ilmiah, atau laporan untuk menekankan proses dan hasil.

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🔹 Perhatikan

• Tidak semua kalimat bisa diubah ke passive voice, khususnya kalimat yang menggunakan intransitive verbs (kata kerja tanpa objek).
  Contoh: She sleeps → Tidak bisa dibuat passive.

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Chapter 010 : Direct and Indirect Speech

🔹 Apa Itu Direct dan Indirect Speech?

• Direct Speech (kalimat langsung) adalah cara menyampaikan perkataan atau ucapan seseorang dengan mengutip persis kata-katanya dan biasanya menggunakan tanda kutip (“...”).

• Indirect Speech (kalimat tidak langsung) adalah cara menyampaikan kembali ucapan seseorang dengan memparafrasekan tanpa menggunakan tanda kutip.

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🔹 Contoh Direct  dan Indirect Speech

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
She said, “I am tired.”	She said that she was tired.
He said, “I will come tomorrow.”	He said that he would come the next day.
They asked, “Where is the bank?”	They asked where the bank was.

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🔹 Perubahan dalam Indirect Speech

1. Menghilangkan tanda kutip dan kata pengantar seperti “said”, “asked”, dll.

2. Mengubah pronoun sesuai dengan subjek kalimat utama.

   • Contoh: “I” menjadi “he”/“she”/“they” tergantung pembicara.

3. Mengubah tense (waktu kata kerja) ke bentuk yang lebih lampau (backshifting), jika kalimat pembuka memakai kata kerja di past tense.

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🔹 Backshifting Tenses 

Direct Speech (Simple)	Indirect Speech (Backshifted)
Present Simple (am/is/are)	Past Simple (was/were)
Present Continuous (is doing)	Past Continuous (was doing)
Present Perfect (has done)	Past Perfect (had done)
Past Simple (did)	Past Perfect (had done)
Will	Would
Can	Could

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🔹 Contoh Perubahan Tenses

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
“I am happy,” she said.	She said that she was happy.
“They have finished,” he said.	He said that they had finished.
“I will go,” John said.	John said that he would go.

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🔹 Perubahan Keterangan Waktu & Tempat

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
now	then
today	that day
tomorrow	the next day / the following day
yesterday	the day before / the previous day
here	there

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🔹 Kalimat Tanya dalam Indirect Speech

• Jika kalimat tanya ya/tidak (yes/no question), gunakan if/whether.
  Contoh:
  Direct: “Are you coming?” → Indirect: He asked if I was coming.

• Jika kalimat tanya wh-questions (who, what, where, why, how), tetap gunakan kata tanya tersebut.
  Contoh:
  Direct: “Where do you live?” → Indirect: She asked where I lived.

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🔹 Contoh Kalimat Tanya

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
“Do you like coffee?”	He asked if I liked coffee.
“Where is the station?”	She asked where the station was.

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🔹 Ringkasan

Aspek	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
Tanda kutip	Ada (“...”)	Tidak ada
Perubahan pronoun	Tidak berubah	Menyesuaikan dengan subjek
Perubahan tense	Tidak berubah	Tenses biasanya bergeser ke masa lampau
Kata keterangan waktu/tempat	Sesuai ucapan asli	Biasanya diganti (now → then)
Bentuk kalimat tanya	Bentuk tanya langsung	Menggunakan if/whether atau kata tanya langsung

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Chapter 009 : Tenses

🔹 Apa Itu Tenses?

Tenses adalah bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan waktu terjadinya suatu kejadian atau keadaan dalam kalimat. Dalam bahasa Inggris, tenses menunjukkan apakah sesuatu terjadi di masa sekarang, masa lalu, atau masa depan.

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🔹 3 Macam Waktu Utama dalam Tenses

Waktu	Bahasa Indonesia	Contoh Kalimat
Present (sekarang)	Sekarang	She walks to school.
Past (lampau)	Masa lalu	They visited the museum yesterday.
Future (masa depan)	Masa depan	I will call you tomorrow.

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🔹 Jenis Tenses Berdasarkan Waktu

Setiap waktu utama (present, past, future) memiliki 4 bentuk/aspek:

Bentuk Tenses	Fungsi Utama	Contoh Kalimat
Simple Tense	Menyatakan fakta, kebiasaan, atau kejadian tunggal	She plays tennis every Sunday. (Present Simple)
Continuous (Progressive) Tense	Menyatakan kejadian yang sedang berlangsung	They are playing football now. (Present Continuous)
Perfect Tense	Menyatakan kejadian yang sudah selesai dengan hubungan ke masa kini	I have eaten breakfast. (Present Perfect)
Perfect Continuous Tense	Menyatakan kejadian yang sudah berlangsung selama waktu tertentu	She has been working for two hours. (Present Perfect Continuous)

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🔹 Contoh Lengkap Tenses

Waktu & Aspek	Contoh Kalimat
Present Simple	I study English every day.
Present Continuous	She is studying right now.
Present Perfect	They have finished their homework.
Present Perfect Continuous	He has been studying since morning.
Past Simple	We went to the beach yesterday.
Past Continuous	I was reading when you called.
Past Perfect	She had left before I arrived.
Past Perfect Continuous	They had been waiting for an hour.
Future Simple	He will travel to Japan next year.
Future Continuous	I will be working at 9 a.m. tomorrow.
Future Perfect	By next week, she will have finished it.
Future Perfect Continuous	At 10 o’clock, they will have been studying for 3 hours.

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🔹 Cara Membentuk Tenses

Tense	Rumus Umum
Simple Present	Subject + Verb (s/es untuk he/she/it)
Present Continuous	Subject + am/is/are + Verb-ing
Present Perfect	Subject + have/has + past participle
Present Perfect Continuous	Subject + have/has been + Verb-ing
Simple Past	Subject + Verb 2 (past form)
Past Continuous	Subject + was/were + Verb-ing
Past Perfect	Subject + had + past participle
Past Perfect Continuous	Subject + had been + Verb-ing
Simple Future	Subject + will + Verb
Future Continuous	Subject + will be + Verb-ing
Future Perfect	Subject + will have + past participle
Future Perfect Continuous	Subject + will have been + Verb-ing

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🔹 Contoh Kalimat dan Penjelasan Singkat

• Present Simple: I work at a bank. (Kebiasaan)

• Present Continuous: She is working now. (Sedang berlangsung)

• Past Simple: They visited Bali last year. (Kejadian di masa lalu)

• Future Simple: We will meet tomorrow. (Rencana masa depan)

• Present Perfect: He has lived here for five years. (Mulai di masa lalu dan masih berlangsung)

• Past Perfect: She had left before I came. (Kejadian yang sudah selesai sebelum kejadian lain di masa lalu)

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