Active and Passive Voices: Pengertian, Rumus, Jenis, dan Contoh Kalimat Lengkap

Dalam grammar Bahasa Inggris, kita mengenal istilah Active Voice dan Passive Voice. Kedua bentuk kalimat ini sangat penting untuk dipahami karena sering digunakan dalam penulisan akademik, berita, laporan formal, hingga percakapan sehari-hari. Artikel ini akan membahas secara lengkap:

• Pengertian Active dan Passive Voice

• Fungsi dan perbedaan keduanya

• Struktur dan rumus kalimat

• Contoh kalimat aktif dan pasif dalam berbagai tenses

• Cara mengubah kalimat aktif menjadi pasif

• Latihan soal dan tips

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Apa Itu Active and Passive Voice?

📌 Pengertian Active Voice

Active Voice (kalimat aktif) adalah kalimat di mana subjek melakukan tindakan terhadap objek. Kalimat aktif lebih umum digunakan karena langsung, jelas, dan lebih kuat.

Contoh:

• The teacher explains the lesson.

• She writes a letter.

Pada contoh di atas, subjek (the teacher, she) melakukan tindakan terhadap objek (the lesson, a letter).

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📌 Pengertian Passive Voice

Passive Voice (kalimat pasif) adalah kalimat di mana subjek dikenai tindakan oleh pihak lain. Fokusnya bukan pada pelaku, tetapi pada objek atau hasil dari tindakan.

Contoh:

• The lesson is explained by the teacher.

• A letter is written by her.

Pada kalimat pasif, objek dalam kalimat aktif berubah menjadi subjek dan tindakan dikenakan padanya.

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Perbedaan Active dan Passive Voice

Aspek	Active Voice	Passive Voice
Fokus	Subjek sebagai pelaku	Subjek sebagai penerima tindakan
Struktur	S + V + O	O + to be + V3 + (by + agent)
Contoh	She writes a book.	A book is written by her.
Kejelasan pelaku	Jelas siapa yang melakukan aksi	Kadang pelaku tidak disebutkan
Gaya bahasa	Langsung, aktif	Lebih formal, pasif

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Rumus Passive Voice

Struktur kalimat pasif menggunakan rumus dasar:

Passive = To Be + Past Participle (Verb 3)

Bentuk "to be" akan menyesuaikan dengan tense, sedangkan Verb 3 adalah bentuk lampau dari kata kerja utama.

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Passive Voice dalam Berbagai Tenses

✅ 1. Simple Present Tense

• Active: She writes a report.

• Passive: A report is written by her.

Rumus:

• Active: S + V1 + O

• Passive: O + is/am/are + V3 (+ by agent)

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✅ 2. Present Continuous Tense

• Active: He is cleaning the room.

• Passive: The room is being cleaned by him.

Rumus:

• Active: S + is/am/are + V-ing + O

• Passive: O + is/am/are + being + V3 (+ by agent)

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✅ 3. Present Perfect Tense

• Active: They have finished the project.

• Passive: The project has been finished by them.

Rumus:

• Active: S + has/have + V3 + O

• Passive: O + has/have + been + V3 (+ by agent)

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✅ 4. Simple Past Tense

• Active: She wrote a letter.

• Passive: A letter was written by her.

Rumus:

• Active: S + V2 + O

• Passive: O + was/were + V3 (+ by agent)

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✅ 5. Past Continuous Tense

• Active: They were painting the wall.

• Passive: The wall was being painted by them.

Rumus:

• Active: S + was/were + V-ing + O

• Passive: O + was/were + being + V3

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✅ 6. Past Perfect Tense

• Active: He had repaired the bike.

• Passive: The bike had been repaired by him.

Rumus:

• Active: S + had + V3 + O

• Passive: O + had + been + V3

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✅ 7. Simple Future Tense

• Active: I will send the email.

• Passive: The email will be sent by me.

Rumus:

• Active: S + will + V1 + O

• Passive: O + will + be + V3

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✅ 8. Modal Verbs (can, must, should, etc.)

• Active: She can open the door.

• Passive: The door can be opened by her.

Rumus:

• Active: S + modal + V1 + O

• Passive: O + modal + be + V3

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Kalimat Tanpa Agen (by + pelaku)

Dalam banyak kasus, pelaku (by + someone) bisa dihilangkan jika:

• Tidak penting siapa pelakunya.

• Sudah jelas dari konteks.

Contoh:

• The cake was eaten. (tidak perlu: "by John")

• The documents have been signed.

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Kapan Menggunakan Passive Voice?

Gunakan kalimat pasif jika:

1. Pelaku tidak diketahui:
   The window was broken last night.

2. Pelaku tidak penting:
   English is spoken worldwide.

3. Ingin menekankan objek/tindakan:
   A new hospital will be built next year.

4. Situasi formal/resmi:
   Your application has been received.

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Contoh Kalimat Active dan Passive Lengkap

Tense	Active Voice	Passive Voice
Simple Present	He delivers the package.	The package is delivered (by him).
Present Continuous	She is cleaning the floor.	The floor is being cleaned.
Present Perfect	I have completed the task.	The task has been completed.
Simple Past	They watched the movie.	The movie was watched.
Past Perfect	She had written a poem.	A poem had been written.
Future Simple	We will repair the machine.	The machine will be repaired.
With Modals	He must do the homework.	The homework must be done.

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Cara Mengubah Kalimat Aktif ke Pasif

Langkah-langkah:

1. Identifikasi subjek, kata kerja, dan objek.

2. Pindahkan objek aktif menjadi subjek pasif.

3. Gunakan bentuk to be yang sesuai dengan tense dan subjek baru.

4. Gunakan Verb 3 (past participle).

5. Tambahkan by + agent (opsional).

Contoh:

• Active: She sings a song.

• Passive: A song is sung by her.

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Latihan Soal Active dan Passive Voice

🔸 Ubah ke bentuk Passive:

1. He writes a letter.

2. They are watching a movie.

3. She has cleaned the room.

4. We will build a house.

5. The manager canceled the meeting.

✅ Jawaban:

1. A letter is written by him.

2. A movie is being watched by them.

3. The room has been cleaned.

4. A house will be built.

5. The meeting was canceled by the manager.

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Tips Menguasai Passive Voice

1. Kuasi bentuk verb 3 (past participle).

2. Pahami bentuk “to be” sesuai tense.

3. Latih dengan mengubah kalimat aktif ke pasif secara rutin.

4. Gunakan tabel tenses sebagai panduan.

5. Ingat bahwa tidak semua kalimat bisa dijadikan pasif (kalimat intransitif seperti "sleep", "go" tanpa objek tidak bisa dipasifkan).

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Kesimpulan

Active and Passive Voices adalah dua bentuk kalimat dalam Bahasa Inggris yang digunakan untuk menyatakan siapa yang melakukan atau menerima suatu tindakan.

Ringkasan Penting:

• Active Voice: subjek melakukan tindakan

• Passive Voice: subjek menerima tindakan

• Fokus pada objek atau hasil dalam passive voice

• Gunakan to be + verb 3 untuk membuat kalimat pasif

• Tidak semua kalimat bisa diubah menjadi pasif

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FAQ (Pertanyaan yang Sering Diajukan)

Apa itu Passive Voice?

Passive Voice adalah kalimat di mana subjek menerima aksi, bukan melakukan aksi.

Kapan kita harus menggunakan Passive Voice?

Saat pelaku tidak penting, tidak diketahui, atau saat ingin menekankan tindakan atau objek.

Apa yang harus diubah saat mengubah dari aktif ke pasif?

Subjek dan objek dibalik, gunakan bentuk “to be” yang tepat, dan gunakan verb 3.