🔹 Apa Itu Direct dan Indirect Speech?
-
Direct Speech (kalimat langsung) adalah cara menyampaikan perkataan atau ucapan seseorang dengan mengutip persis kata-katanya dan biasanya menggunakan tanda kutip (“...”).
-
Indirect Speech (kalimat tidak langsung) adalah cara menyampaikan kembali ucapan seseorang dengan memparafrasekan tanpa menggunakan tanda kutip.
🔹 Contoh Direct dan Indirect Speech
| Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
|---|---|
| She said, “I am tired.” | She said that she was tired. |
| He said, “I will come tomorrow.” | He said that he would come the next day. |
| They asked, “Where is the bank?” | They asked where the bank was. |
🔹 Perubahan dalam Indirect Speech
-
Menghilangkan tanda kutip dan kata pengantar seperti “said”, “asked”, dll.
-
Mengubah pronoun sesuai dengan subjek kalimat utama.
-
Contoh: “I” menjadi “he”/“she”/“they” tergantung pembicara.
-
-
Mengubah tense (waktu kata kerja) ke bentuk yang lebih lampau (backshifting), jika kalimat pembuka memakai kata kerja di past tense.
🔹 Backshifting Tenses
| Direct Speech (Simple) | Indirect Speech (Backshifted) |
|---|---|
| Present Simple (am/is/are) | Past Simple (was/were) |
| Present Continuous (is doing) | Past Continuous (was doing) |
| Present Perfect (has done) | Past Perfect (had done) |
| Past Simple (did) | Past Perfect (had done) |
| Will | Would |
| Can | Could |
🔹 Contoh Perubahan Tenses
| Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
|---|---|
| “I am happy,” she said. | She said that she was happy. |
| “They have finished,” he said. | He said that they had finished. |
| “I will go,” John said. | John said that he would go. |
🔹 Perubahan Keterangan Waktu & Tempat
| Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
|---|---|
| now | then |
| today | that day |
| tomorrow | the next day / the following day |
| yesterday | the day before / the previous day |
| here | there |
🔹 Kalimat Tanya dalam Indirect Speech
-
Jika kalimat tanya ya/tidak (yes/no question), gunakan if/whether.
Contoh:
Direct: “Are you coming?” → Indirect: He asked if I was coming. -
Jika kalimat tanya wh-questions (who, what, where, why, how), tetap gunakan kata tanya tersebut.
Contoh:
Direct: “Where do you live?” → Indirect: She asked where I lived.
🔹 Contoh Kalimat Tanya
| Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
|---|---|
| “Do you like coffee?” | He asked if I liked coffee. |
| “Where is the station?” | She asked where the station was. |
🔹 Ringkasan
| Aspek | Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
|---|---|---|
| Tanda kutip | Ada (“...”) | Tidak ada |
| Perubahan pronoun | Tidak berubah | Menyesuaikan dengan subjek |
| Perubahan tense | Tidak berubah | Tenses biasanya bergeser ke masa lampau |
| Kata keterangan waktu/tempat | Sesuai ucapan asli | Biasanya diganti (now → then) |
| Bentuk kalimat tanya | Bentuk tanya langsung | Menggunakan if/whether atau kata tanya langsung |