Chapter 010 : Direct and Indirect Speech

🔹 Apa Itu Direct dan Indirect Speech?

• Direct Speech (kalimat langsung) adalah cara menyampaikan perkataan atau ucapan seseorang dengan mengutip persis kata-katanya dan biasanya menggunakan tanda kutip (“...”).

• Indirect Speech (kalimat tidak langsung) adalah cara menyampaikan kembali ucapan seseorang dengan memparafrasekan tanpa menggunakan tanda kutip.

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🔹 Contoh Direct  dan Indirect Speech

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
She said, “I am tired.”	She said that she was tired.
He said, “I will come tomorrow.”	He said that he would come the next day.
They asked, “Where is the bank?”	They asked where the bank was.

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🔹 Perubahan dalam Indirect Speech

1. Menghilangkan tanda kutip dan kata pengantar seperti “said”, “asked”, dll.

2. Mengubah pronoun sesuai dengan subjek kalimat utama.

   • Contoh: “I” menjadi “he”/“she”/“they” tergantung pembicara.

3. Mengubah tense (waktu kata kerja) ke bentuk yang lebih lampau (backshifting), jika kalimat pembuka memakai kata kerja di past tense.

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🔹 Backshifting Tenses 

Direct Speech (Simple)	Indirect Speech (Backshifted)
Present Simple (am/is/are)	Past Simple (was/were)
Present Continuous (is doing)	Past Continuous (was doing)
Present Perfect (has done)	Past Perfect (had done)
Past Simple (did)	Past Perfect (had done)
Will	Would
Can	Could

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🔹 Contoh Perubahan Tenses

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
“I am happy,” she said.	She said that she was happy.
“They have finished,” he said.	He said that they had finished.
“I will go,” John said.	John said that he would go.

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🔹 Perubahan Keterangan Waktu & Tempat

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
now	then
today	that day
tomorrow	the next day / the following day
yesterday	the day before / the previous day
here	there

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🔹 Kalimat Tanya dalam Indirect Speech

• Jika kalimat tanya ya/tidak (yes/no question), gunakan if/whether.
  Contoh:
  Direct: “Are you coming?” → Indirect: He asked if I was coming.

• Jika kalimat tanya wh-questions (who, what, where, why, how), tetap gunakan kata tanya tersebut.
  Contoh:
  Direct: “Where do you live?” → Indirect: She asked where I lived.

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🔹 Contoh Kalimat Tanya

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
“Do you like coffee?”	He asked if I liked coffee.
“Where is the station?”	She asked where the station was.

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🔹 Ringkasan

Aspek	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
Tanda kutip	Ada (“...”)	Tidak ada
Perubahan pronoun	Tidak berubah	Menyesuaikan dengan subjek
Perubahan tense	Tidak berubah	Tenses biasanya bergeser ke masa lampau
Kata keterangan waktu/tempat	Sesuai ucapan asli	Biasanya diganti (now → then)
Bentuk kalimat tanya	Bentuk tanya langsung	Menggunakan if/whether atau kata tanya langsung